Analysis Of The Book The Hearth - 1674 Words

Joice Guirgis Per.3 Mr.Lloyd’s Honors English 1 The Hearth The Salamander Entry 1 Guy Montag is a 30-year old fireman in this dystopian world. There is not much stated about his looks but we can infer that he is certainly a fireman based on the quotes such as, With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, ....all the symphonies helmet numbered 451 on his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the house jumped in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black. (Fahrenheit, 3) and his black bettle-colored helmet and shined it; he hung his flameproof jacket (Fahrenheit, 4). We can clearly see in the beginning of the book that he is conformed into his society during his conversation with Clarisse when she asks about the firemen s job in the past and he says what everyone else says, How oddly you say that. No. Houses have always been fireproof and she asks if he ever read the books he burns and he again says, That s ag ainst the law. he never talks to people and never notices anything new than what all the people do and does the same thing they do. He meets Clarisse McClellan who changes his thought process a little that leads to his change in part 2 of the book. He feels unhappy once she leaves as if He wore his happiness like a mask and the girl had run off across the lawn with mask (Fahrenheit, 12).Show MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 - Part I Discussion Outline (w/ Analysis and Questions)1089 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿FAHRENHEIT 451 PART ONE DISCUSSION I. SYMBOLISM THEMES i. Overview — Part I: â€Å"The Hearth and the Salamander Part One of Fahrenheit 451 is titled â€Å"The Hearth and the Salamander†, referring to the floor of a home’s fireplace – the foundation – and the lizard-like amphibian with a fantastical history. These are two very symbolic things to our protagonist, Guy Montag. A career fireman in a futuristic world where books are forbidden and any sign of uniqueness is a sign of illness. Part one seeks to acclimateRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesfriend, the dog, against man, changes the role of public servants and changes the value of a person. Society has evolved to such an extreme that all literature is illegal to possess. The intellectual thinking that arises from reading books can often be dangerous, and the government doesnt want to put up with this danger (Novel). The layout of Fahrenheit 451 is critical to the reader, guiding them to perceive themes and issues, from a specific angle. The novel is told through Read More George Bluestone’s Novels into Film Essay example685 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Bluestone’s Novels into Film The first chapter of George Bluestone’s book Novels into Film starts to point out the basic differences that exist between the written word and the visual picture. 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Fahrenheit 451 is a science fiction artistic work of literature that makes use of symbols in the reflection of the humani ty journey revived in a dystopian society ruledRead MoreAnalysis of I wondered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth1309 Words   |  6 PagesI gazed- and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft when in my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my hearth with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Analysis: Wordsworth had nature as his religion, and that was the main theme of his work and also a characteristic of romanticism. And it’s also very clear on this poem. As literary devices, we have Alliteration on the secondRead MorePoetic Devices In The Raven1061 Words   |  5 Pagesdespairs being reunited with his beloved Lenore, in the after life. The first seven stanzas establish the setting and the narrator’s state of mind. 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The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare

Illegal Downloads and the Affect on the Film Industry free essay sample

The youngest consumers hold favorable attitudes towards illegal downloading which is grounded in a norm of copyright infringement and belief in the Internet as free. Finally, it was found that affinity for the recording artist serves to moderate intentions to download illegally. Overall, the results have implications for measures to counter digital piracy and to encourage willingness to pay. Furthermore, they question the long-term viability of the subscription-revenue streaming business model. 2- MASC. Dissertation Theodore Gillette As the MPH continues to replace the compact disc (CD) as the preferred format, demand for digital music has grown tremendously. In 2010, the market for digital music accounted for approximately 47% of total US music shipments, up from Just 9% n 2005 (Friendlier, 2010). Consumers have access to an array of download stores, music streaming services, and Internet radio websites. Music streaming services in particular have attracted considerable attention.In Sweden, two of the worlds largest record labels generate more revenue from Spottily, than they do from any other source (Landfall, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Illegal Downloads and the Affect on the Film Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These trends are not confined to European or American music markets. Baud, Chinas largest online search company, recently signed a deal with rights holders to license music on its website for both free download and streaming :While, 2011). The surge in popularity has led some to believe that the digital music market represents the recording industry next sustainable business model, along Ninth diversification into live events and merchandise.However, relatively little is understood about the consumer who uses a combination of legal and illegal sources to acquire music a la carte. In the decade prior to the Internet, the music industry Nas relatively healthy overall with worldwide sales peaking in 1998 (Bam, 2010). Since then, peer-to-peer (POP) networks such as Anapest have contributed to the decline in sales of CDC. There is some disagreement about the extent to which file sharing has negatively impacted the recording; however, evidence points to copyright infringement as a signifi cant factor. The digitization of music effectively removed the industry monopoly on high-quality reproduction so that illegal copies were of equal standard to the original (May, 2007). Concomitantly, the intangible nature of digital music has resulted in new consumption practices. Efforts to counter digital piracy have primarily used legal mechanisms to dismantle POP networks and prosecute file sharers. More recent measures include educational and awareness campaigns. Nonetheless, the dismantling of Limier in 2010 marked the demise of POP networks and emergence of new sources of pirated content (BPI, 2010).With the piracy on the willingness to pay for music in a digital format and the willingness to subscribe to a streaming music service. This study conducts a detailed examination into the attitudes of consumers and social norms which influence intentions to purchase digital music or to download it for free. It examines perceptions towards the pricing of digital music, the extent to which consumers are willing to pay for a subscription streaming service, and whether legal repercussions have served to encourage consumption.Previous research has sought to establish a direct link between POP network usage and demand for CDC. This study employs a broader definition of illegal downloading to include new forms of copyright infringement. Secondly, it analyses attitudes and norms towards copyright Infringement, to establish the underlying determinants for intentions to download music illegally. Finally, it considers the relationship between consumers treatment of music as a cultural object and digital technologies.Whilst the Internet is often cited as an example of a genuine gift economy, the inescapable dynamic of tension mains between abundance and scarcity in the market place (Ansell, 1999, p. 155). A political economic framework is used to understand attempts to recommended a good in the digital environment through expanded notions of copyright and digital rights management technologies. The implications for the consumer relative to the position of power of the record labels are also discussed. The study aims to contribute to the understanding of the existence of a social norm of copyright Infringement amongst the youngest consumers.It aims to establish why consumers Mould be willing to pay for digital music, and in doing so, provide insight into the sustainability of a subscription-revenue business model. In the shift to the digital age, one without physical artifacts, the analysis of consumption will become a strategic resource for those operating in the cultural industries (Molten Ordain, 2003). Although the focus of analysis is on the music business, insights may be applied to other cultural industries that have experienced a transition to the digital environment (Molten et al. 2003). .4- MASC. Dissertation Theodore Gillette LITERATURE REVIEW File Sharing and Music Sales Firms operating in the music industry employ an unusual business model. The product supplied to the market is unique in that it is a purely symbolic good (Scott, 1999). Record companies aim to recoup investments in less profitable ventures by maximizing the return on an extraordinarily successful release. The inherently volatile and unpredictable nature of the industry renders it prone to concentration so that relatively smaller firms remain marginal (Betting, 1996).Through repeated consolidation, the business has grown to become a global industry dominated by a small number of large corporations and with a number of small racket is characterized by the big four record labels of Universal Music Group, Manner Music Group, MI, and Sony Music Entertainment. Owing to uncertain market conditions and a bungled private equity buyout, the landscape is prone to change as Citreous has recently put MI up for sale (Sweeney, 2011). Digital technologies were at first beneficial. The invention of the CD created a boom as music collections were modernized from vinyl records (Bam, 2011).The most recent significant development was the creation of the MPH digital audio encoding format by the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) in 1993. By compressing data so that files are small and easily transferred, MPH technology altered the way music is distributed and consumed. Although the industry has a history of change associated with the introduction of new formats, the MPH was exceptional. Through POP networks such as Anapest, individuals could download files directly from each others computer, thus making the core scarce good of recorded music infinitely replicable (Bam, 2010, p. 77). Digital media consequently transformed not only the cultural object, but also empowered the consumer relative to the music industry (Poster, 2010). Streaming technology constitutes the latest development in the distribution of music. The technology uses buffered play, rather than downloading an MPH direct to the computers hard drive (Fox, 2005). Therefore, the consumer is able to listen to music, but does not retain possession of it. Although still in development, cloud-based music services are digital lockers that store content for individuals to access from any device.The impact of these services for rights holders and consumers remains to be seen. Illegal file sharing is often cited as the cause of decline in the industry rotational revenues sourced from CD sales. It is difficult to prove direct causation between the two; however, a number of studies have made forays into the phenomenon. Huh and Pang (2003) conducted one of the earliest econometric studies into the relationship between piracy and demand for music. Their examination of sales data over the 1994-1998 period showed that demand for CDC decreased with piracy.The study contributes to the understanding of the trade-off between positive demand-side externalities and the negative effects of piracy, but is of limited use today since it does not address digital piracy. Lessee (2004) provided an alternative explanation, arguing that sales decline is partly attributable to the overall number of CDC released. It is correct that a decline in the number of albums released has occurred. However, Lessee fails to fully consider that the decline is explained by lower demand for the good and subsequent lower revenue available for investment in future releases (Liability, 2005).Other than this oversight, Lessee (2004) contributes a valuable framework for the analysis of different segments of POP network users. Firstly, a minority use file sharing as a convenient way to exchange legitimate content. Secondly, the network also provides a means to acquire copyrighted material that would otherwise not have been purchased and would not have gained any recognition. Thirdly, Lessee (2004) outlined purchasing music for files acquired over POP networks or downloading in general. In practice, it is likely that first group is extremely small given that almost all content shared on POP networks is pirated.The second group has the potential to spread the reputation of an unknown artist, but would nevertheless infringe copyright law. The third group is one of the most controversial and is often cited as a benefit of POP networks. Indeed, sampling constituted Anapests (unsuccessful) defense under the principle of fair use against A Records Inc. (Landau, 2002). On one hand, file sharing has the potential to increase the aggregate quantity of music purchased. Ritz and Wallflower (2006) put forward the most convincing argument in favor of sampling.By matching buyers preferences with products, POP networks result in purchases that compensate for any negative effects of copyright infringement. One question the authors fail to address is whether this result holds true for all record labels, regardless of size. It is more likely that sampling would only benefit small Independent labels whose artists have little previous name recognition. An article by Blackburn (2004) concluded that file sharing reduces sales for well-known artists relative to unknown artists.From the perspective of the largest labels, sampling constitutes a weak argument in favor of POP networks due to the sheer quantity and scope of copyright infringement committed. Indeed, Monitor-Pone and Quadrant- Garcia (2006) found no evidence of a positive effect of piracy on demand for music. Ere final group is the focus of analysis for this study because their behavior has the greatest impact on sales of digital music. Many scholars have reached the conclusion that copyright infringement has had a negative effect on the purchase of music (Rob Wallflower, 2006; Center, 2006; Liability, 2008; Wallflower; 2009).In contrast, a study put forward by Borehole-Gee and Strumpet (2007) is most widely cited for reaching the opposite verdict . Despite its merits however, the study suffers from a number of flaws that raise questions about the conclusions made. Specifically, Liability (2007) made a powerful critique of Borehole-Gee and Strumpet (2007) analysis, highlighting a number of serious inconsistencies in the methodology and representation of findings. The majority of overall research has sought to establish a relationship between piracy and demand for music in a physical format.To date, Analogue (2009) conducted one of the few studies on the relationship between digital piracy on the demand for digital music. POP file sharing networks are no long as popular as they once were. Recent evidence points to file hosting websites as an increasingly popular source of digital music and other pirated content. Thus, this study employs a more comprehensive definition of illegal downloading in an attempt to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between digital piracy and emend for digital music. Copyright in the Digital Age Copyright protection is highly important to the music industry and to the creative industries as a whole. An understanding of the basic workings of copyright is necessary to comprehend the Impact of illegal downloading on the record label and the expansion of intellectual over original forms of intellectual production or intangibles and gives the holder the right to exploit the work through licensing its copying in return for compensation Jar, 2005). The mechanism allows the record label to produce an artists work and ell it for a profit.The MPH can be taken as an inherently political technology through the embodiment of power in copyrights, as the format is objectified as an article of intellectual property (Sterne, 2006, p. 830). The rise in popularity of POP networks meant that copyright infringement occurred on a massive scale through unauthorized copying and distribution of the work (Yard, 2005). Digital piracy poses a serious challenge to the indust ry business model that fundamentally depends on a cycle of per-unit pricing and copyright law enforcement (Lesson, Webb, French, rift, crew, 2005). Record labels and stakeholders have collectively pursued a variety of protective, educational, and repressive measures in an effort to stem the flow of digital piracy smarter, 2011 a). In the United States, the music industry is represented by powerful actors such as the Recording Industry Association of America (ARIA) which sued Anapest in 1999 for copyright infringement. Litigation has also been brought against individual users of file sharing networks, resulting sometimes in excessive penalties due to the nature of copyright law (Barker, 2005). These measures in tandem have curbed digital piracy to a degree.A study by Patriarchates, Lowercase, Copal, Marksmen (2006) found that legal threats from the ARIA discouraged participation in file-sharing networks, but that prevalence of music files on these networks largely remain. More recently, the 2010 Digital Economy Act effectively mandates I-J Internet Service Providers to take a greater role in tackling copyright infringement (Smar ter Eng, 2011). Developments in intellectual property rights have taken place over time, but could also be considered a reactionary measure by the creative industries in response to the threat posed by piracy. Under pressure from the recording industry, Congress passed The Copyright Term Extension Act (known as the Sonny Bono Term Extension Act) in 1998, which extended copyright protection for an extra 20 years (McClure Burbank, 2003). On a global scale, the US government has worked to extend copyright interests. For instance, the 1994 TRIPS Agreement obliges WTFO members to abide by a set of intellectual property standards giving maximum protection to rights holders (Yard, 2005). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (TDMA) implemented in 1998 is the most Ninety disputed of such legislation.Controversy surrounds the acts curtailment of the fair use provisions of the 1976 Federal Copyright Act. Through the prohibition of circumvention, the DACCA affects the very use of technologies (Gillespie, 2004). By shifting the focus of regulation from use of the work to regulating access, the act constitutes a broad overreach that severely limits fair use rights (Boucher, 2002, p. 36). Nonetheless, the practice of rights management is not entirely unforeseen. For technology to consumer CD and DATA recorders which prevented second-generation digital copies (McClure, 2003).Rights management practices have also been applied to the distribution of digital music. Formed in 1998, the Secure Digital Music Initiative SIDES) attempted to implement digital rights management technologies such as Intermarrying to bring a secure standard to music distribution on the Internet (Sylvan, 2000). More widely recognized, the tunes music store (launched 2003) used a proprietary digital rights management (DRUM) system Fairly to encrypt music files, until the format was exchanged in favor the MPH in 2009 (George Chanced, 2006).Now that music streaming services have been widely adopted, new questions are raised about technical and legal constraints placed on the consumers. In many ways, the expanded notion of copyrights has lost sight of its original purpose. Rather than providing artists with incentives to create, its primary purpose is to generate revenue for the record label (Dollars, 2000). It remains to be seen Nether consumers perceive this negatively and whether it ultimately affects intentions to purchase digital music. Piracy is as much a function of the boundaries of the law, as it is of the actual behavior committed.Overvaluation which has occurred effectively incriminates a large part of the population (Lessee, 2004). Underlying the industry response to piracy was an implied right to re-assert commercial copyright in a set of relations that were deregulated (Reek, 2005). As such, the music industry could be perceived as attempting to appropriate the digital economy by reintroducing communication (Terracotta, 2000, p. 35). Digital Piracy: Attitudes and Norms As a relatively recent development, only a small body of research exists on the behavior of individuals who pirate digital content.Kong, You, Lee, Sin, TTS (2003) examined consumers intentions to purchase pirated CDC. Their Nor demonstrated that the social cost of piracy, anti-big business attitude, and the Individuals ethical framework played key roles. Contemporary explanations of the actors that underpin intentions to illegally download borrow from earlier studies on software and digital piracy. Digital audio and software are similar products since both possess some of the same characteristics as a public good, such as non- calculability and non-rivalry (Sundials Martin-Barbers, 2007).Copal, Sanders, Patriarchates, Augural, and Wagner (2004) constructed a model based upon ethical determinants of software piracy, with an emphasis on deontological and consequential influences. Has and Shies (2008) take a different approach altogether. Rather than focusing on intentions to pirate content, they measured whether attitudes towards intellectual property and perceived risk are drivers of a consumers Unwillingness to pay (WET) for innovated software. Importantly, the results show that social norms had strong positive influences on WET, whereas prosecution risk did not Issue Shies, 2007).Furthermore Aching and Sane (2009) find that income, risk perception, and ethics influence WET for digital music. According to attitude functional theory, people hold motivations that serve to fulfill utilitarian, value- McClure, and Spooky (2008) utilize the theory to assess motivations behind unloading behavior amongst college students. The majority of research however has applied the theory of planned behavior to examine intentions to download music illegally. Corona and AAA-Raffle (2008) showed that attitudes towards intellectual property, perceived risk, and previous behavi or, influence intention to pirate digital content. Wang, Chem., Yang, and Afar (2009) combine the theory of planned behavior Ninth social identity theory. The results suggest that intentions to download pirated music do not have a significant impact on the intention to purchase music in a physical format. Furthermore, the study highlights the significance of idolatry as a moderating influence. Wang McClure (2010) employ a combination of three theories to provide a more detailed understanding of the attitudinal and normative factors of individuals who download pirated movies and software.The study finds that both multiple motivations and normative considerations are influences, in contrast to previous research that focused solely on utilitarian motivations. Finally, lamellar Hellebore (2010) find that the subjective probability of legal threats and morality were significant determinants of illegal downloading. Comparatively little is understood about the role of subjective norms on intentions to pirate digital content and willingness to pay for non-pirated music.File sharing is widespread with a significant proportion of Americans having used the technology (Lessee, 2004). An argument can be made that individuals do not perceive the act to be illegal because norm has emerged through repeated practice across the population, such as with cannabis use (Reek, 2005). In this way, individuals may recognize illegal file sharing as a theft but would not consider it a crime (Belletrist, 2008). Some pirates even attain cult status, such as members of the Pirate Bay website which provides links to torrent files.Sift Giving and Consumption Practices Ere aforementioned has focused predominately on the behavior of individuals who download pirated content. Studies that focus on intentions to upload material should also be considered. Becker and Clement (2006) focus on the motivations of users who upload copyrighted material and suggest that the act of gift giving could stem from altruism, reciprocity, or an obligation to the network itself. POP networks function on he basis that individual users share their music collection.Building on classical theories of gift giving, Giggler (2006) claimed that Anapest contained key characteristics of a gift giving system, including social distinctions, norms of reciprocity, and rituals and symbolisms. Most recently, Bam (2011) recanted file sharing from an illegal practice to one embedded in participatory culture, and in doing so, undermined the traditional distinction between the producer and the audience. Although the theory of gift giving provides insight into marketed exchange, the theory is limited in certain respects.The interconnectedness of POP networks is perhaps not as extensive as previously thought. A large proportion of users free ride off of the files provided by a relatively small number of individuals. Furthermore, the explanatory power of participatory culture is challenged as piracy on the Internet shifts away from POP networks to De- personalized means of sharing. The gift system contributes an important concept to investigation of the consumption of digital music, whether through streaming services or downloading.The notion of the Internet as an example of gift system is paramount (Ignite, Hanging, Penmen, Chant, 2009). For example, the open source software movement is regarded as an example of a genuine culture of gift giving and as a counter to the hegemonic forces of production. Ansell (2004) rightfully cautions that further research is needed into the structure of power that underlies the movement, such as its elitist creators for instance. Indeed, neither open source nor Creative Commons licenses operate outside of the mechanisms of traditional copyright (Smarter, 2011).With the concept of the gift economy, this study will Investigate the notion of intangibles as free an d the notion of the Internet as free Feldman Needle, 2006). Lesson et al. (2005) argues that the crisis facing the industry is the result of the emergence of a quasi-gift economy of music since the mid-sass and broader cultural forces that have affected the role of music within society. Consumers arguably do not attach the same value to digital music as they do to the physical product (Steven, 2010). A small body of work focuses on the effects of the digitization of music on consumption practices.McClure (2005) argues that ownership of intangible music is intensified through desires for compacting, immediacy, and customization. Despite being intangible pieces of software, Sterne 2006) believes that individuals treat Amps as cultural artifacts. This has lead some to argue that new pleasures emerge in obtaining access and consolidating a database of music files (Burbank, 2008). Recent research finds that young people may derive satisfaction from the process of accessing and organizing a large music collection Skibob, 2009).Finally, descriptive norms on POP networks can explain excessive consumption behaviors that result in the hoarding of pirated music (Largos and Kim, 2007). Conceptual Framework and Research Objectives At an overarching level, this paper investigates the extent to which scarcity is reproduced in the distribution of digital music and the consequences for consumers. Ere political economy analysis situates the distribution and consumption of music Nothing the context of capitalism 11 petting, 1996).Political economic theory places an emphasis on power relations that label. Specifically, Lessons et al. (2005, p. 186) model of the networked economy outlines the complex network of relationships between producers, distributors, and consumers and effectively demonstrates the power commanded by record impasses. The recent surge in popularity of music streaming services necessitates the need for inquiry into the technology, especially as it is taken to constitute the industry latest business model.Although not directly referring to the recording industry, Ansell (1999) pertinently wrote that the dialectical relationship between scarcity and abundance present in capitalism is manifesting in new ways with the centralization of the Internet. Music distributed online as a service rather than as a product, gives the intellectual property rights owner distinct advantages in imprison to the traditional relationship between buyer and seller (Burbank, 2008, p. 248). Despite frequent claims about the demonstrating power of the Internet, inequality remains in the digital environment.An integration of an ana lysis of the structures of power with concern for symbolic form, would revivalist the political economy approach and allow for a better understanding of the dynamics of digital music distribution and consumption (Ansell, 2004). The theory of planned behavior has substantial explanatory power in the investigation of intentions to perform certain behaviors. Prior research has demonstrated that the theory can be systematically applied to studying the underlying attitudes and norms of individuals ho engage in digital piracy.According Zen (1991), intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted from attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Attitudes are determined by the individuals views towards an object, whilst social norms refer to perceived social pressures. This study will use the two concepts as an analytical framework for study of the consumption of digital music. The first theme to be investigated surrounds the consumption of digital music room legitimate paid and non-paid sources.The objective is to analyze the relationship between attitudes of the consumer and intentions to purchase digital music, or to use a legal outlet such as a streaming service. Secondly, the paper seeks to determine whether consumers are willing to pay a subscription for a streaming service. Thirdly, this study seeks to establish the effectiveness of legal repercussions on willingness to pay in an attempt to analyze devices that have the potential to encourage consumption. .12- Ere second theme to be investigated pertains to norms and attitudes towards illegal unloading.

Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Example Essay Example

Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Example Paper Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Introduction After seeking the Virginia.gov web site and the cyberspace for resources, the province of Virginia offers wide resources to those in domestic fortunes. They define domestic force as a behaviour of one member of the household ruling another member through the usage of force. Family Violence is another term used alternatively of domestic force because it involves the kids as good. In add-on, Virginia does non hold anything laid out specifically for merely male victims. However, they do hold resources and thoughts for those both adult females and work forces who are victims of domestic differences ( Virginia section of Social Services ) . Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Body Paragraphs Since, the major concern of domestic maltreatment is the kids or kid, the victim of the maltreatment should name 911. The constabulary in this province are required to respond to the call and do an apprehension if there is adequate likely cause that banging has taken topographic point. They are besides supposed to bespeak an Emergency Protective Order if they think the victim in is farther danger. The protective order will form the maltreater to remain off and halt mistreating the victim. This order may non be the best because people do non needfully travel with the regulations and can happen ways around them. Last, if a victim of maltreatment does non desire to name the bull for fright of acquiring caught there are a assortment of topographic points Virginia offers: churches in the community, homeless shelters, victim-witness plan, section of societal services, local domestic force or sexual assault plans and the Virginia household force Hotline ( Virginia section of Social Services ) . Furthermore, the plans in Virginia are both federal and province funded that provide services to those victims and kids who have survived domestic force. They besides provide protection for kids and battered grownups through many things. There is exigency lodging for those who have been badly hurt and are in danger of being hurt once more. This besides this protects possible kids from besides being abused. Second, they offer peer guidance for instances that are non so terrible and can be changed if they speak up approximately jobs that result to opprobrious behaviour. Third, there is crisis intercession that interferes in the twosome ‘s lives in order to do the state of affairs better or for the crisis centres to see how bad the maltreatment is and find what to make with the victim. Last, plans provide support for subsisters and public consciousness to do others cognize about domestic force and how to place behaviours that lead to force. Finally, the support created by th e plans are the foundations of the Family Violence Hotline that anyone can make 24 hours a twenty-four hours. The first service Virginia offers is the Virginia Family Violence and Sexual Assault Hotline ( 1-800-838-8238 ) . This is a free, confidential, statewide, 24 hr service to supply support, information and intercession to those victims of spouse force and sexual assault. The hotline is really utile because it provides information every bit good as support for those who have survived domestic force every bit good as the household and friends of those who have been abused. In add-on, the hotline offers links to local shelters and other human resource bureaus to assist with whatever they need. If the company wants written information, the hotline will give them resource packages every bit good as booklets with information on domestic force and maltreatment. Another plan sponsored by Virginia is Project RADAR. Basically, this undertaking helps to measure and avoid confidant spouse force in a wellness scene. When you come right down to it, the plan helps the victim or former victim in about the same manner as the hotline would. They give out information and consciousness every bit good as ways to acknowledge and react to the force. However, the one thing that differs from the hotline is that Radar: R-routinely ask about present and past force, A-ask specific inquiries, D-document findings, A-asses safety and R-review options and recommendations ( Virginia Department of Health ) . This is good quality stuff because it is acquiring into the head of the victim. Not to advert, it is acquiring to the nucleus, the centre of the job, when it began, how it happens by inquiring specific inquiries and so give options on how to maintain that victim safe and out of injury. Following, Virginia has a household abuse protective order that helps the members of the members of the household from opprobrious behaviour of another. It is a partnership of bureaus and people who de vote themselves to stoping sexual and domestic force. The plan has been in Virginia for 25 old ages and still traveling. Harmonizing to the VSDVAA web site, â€Å" Each twelvemonth in Virginia, more than 74,000 protective orders are issued by Judgess and magistrates † ( VSDVAA ) . The people who take attention of the protective orders work with other webs in order to do Virginia safer. Learning new thoughts and conveying them into your province is ever a good thing. Therefore, non merely are they educating others but themselves every bit good. The more educated people are about the topic the more services can be done with domestic force. In add-on, they educate people of the community on how to halt those who were hurt by any sort of force every bit good as doing certain there are necessary resources available to them all. Last, since the services are so wide for adult females and work forces, Virginia made a list of all the shelters to travel to in the province at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sboard.org/SHELTERS/VA.HTM. this is a list of all the shelters in the province of Virginia whether it be south, north, west or east. It covers every portion of the province and includes phone Numberss, references and the name of the shelters and crisis centres. This is good for those who are being abused to happen out where to travel and who to name. However, the individual who is making the abusing can easy happen this web site and happen where their partner or important other could be. Furthermore, the site besides was non on the province web site and you had to seek on â€Å" GOOGLE † to happen out where to travel. However, work forces who are abused by adult females normally suffer in silence. Although they possess the same qualities as female victims, adult females are given more services and work forces get stereotyped. Men acquire overlooked in the domestic force field of survey and involvement. Females who abuse work forces kick, clout, bite or utilize arms against their work forces. In malice of this, the work forces are non weak or smaller in size but they do non utilize it to their advantage and ache back. In malice of this, Virginia does non hold anything specific for work forces who are abused by adult females. Everything is more grownups who are abused so it gives others the thought that it is for both adult females and work forces. However, after naming one of the hotlines, most services are for adult females and they do non have many calls from abused work forces and that it was really uncommon. If they did have a call like that, they would direct the work forces to a homeless shelter or societal services for more information. It seems that since society says that existent work forces should be in control of his married woman that less and less work forces are describing maltreatment. They likely feel that no 1 would take them earnestly if they admit that a adult female is crushing on them or they would acquire titillated and laughed at for leting maltreatment to go on. Consequently, there was a site dedicated to the LGBT community in Virginia. It was non listed on the province web site and I besides had to seek the cyberspace awhile to happen this web site. The web site was speaking about often asked inquiries in the LGBT community sing domestic force. Same-sex spouses are eligible for household maltreatment protective orders but with limitations. In Virginia, a family member includes twosomes that live together within the past 12 months. However, the tribunals of Virginia do non specifically specify what it means to live together but it applies to single twosomes with an confidant relationship. Besides, since the jurisprudence does non province whether same-sex twosomes are included, it technically does non except them either. The web site besides spoke about how most victims of domestic force in same-sex relationships were non able to acquire a protective order because they were same-se x spouses. Since they are important for safety, one must seek advice from an lawyer. On the other manus, if they are non populating together, they could acquire a still hunt protective order. They are non every bit preferred as the household maltreatment 1s but they are helpful to the victim. Last, if a justice does non give a same-sex spouse a protective order so they must make one of three things you can make. You can reach the local domestic force plan for aid. However, since same-sex spouses are labeled harshly, they may non experience like reaching them. Therefore, the maltreater may desire to reach the Action Alliance hotline at 800-838-8238. If they do non desire to make that, they can reach the Anti-Violence Project at Equality Virginia at 804-643-4816. This is the best stake because they work to stop force in the LGBT communities. Last of all, the web site did non offer any topographic points to travel for shelter but they did offer hotlines for aid and knowledge on what to make ( LGBTQ Community ) . All in all, happening information was non truly that hard. Not everything was on the Virginia province web site and I had to seek the cyberspace for certain things. However, links were coming up but non that many. Virginia is more adult females focused and has more to offer those of the LGBT community than for consecutive work forces. Last, the maps of the Domestic Violence Prevention Programs are to acquire knowledge out about domestic force and bar, aid subsisters and their households, dispense support for the remainder of the services throughout Virginia and to supply aid to other local domestic force bureaus throughout Virginia for informations aggregation. Virginia is making all it can to assist the people who are describing their maltreatment nevertheless, they could make more for the minority groups every bit good. Domestic Violence is a turning country of involvement and it will maintain turning unless services are taken earnestly and are made for everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Social Problem Of Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

CEO and Novelist An Entrepreneurs Experience of Self-Publishing

CEO and Novelist An Entrepreneurs Experience of Self-Publishing CEO and Novelist: An Entrepreneur's Experience of the Self-Publishing Industry In 2004, Leonora Meriel founded and managed Ukraine’s largest Internet company. In 2008, after becoming  CEO of the company, Leonora decided to return to her dream of being a writer, and went on to self-publish  her first novel, â€Å"The Woman Behind the Waterfall†. In this guest post, she discusses how her entrepreneurial background inspired her to follow her dream, and what it means to take on the publishing industry.Ever since I can remember, I have wanted to be a writer. As a child, I wrote stories; as a teenager, I wrote rambling, barely comprehensible novels; as an adult, I studied English literature in two countries. The only thing I ever saw ahead of me was books, words, and more books.At the end of university, life suddenly appeared in a big, exciting way for me. I had the opportunity to live and work in New York City, and I immediately fell in love with the drive, and the world of action and success. I got swept away with the intense experience of living on another side of the world - and, in time, I forgot entirely about books and writing. A decade later, I found myself as CEO of a company, and 30 years old.I’ve always been an entrepreneurReedsy authors Mari Reiza, Leonora Meriel, and Amy Kitcher at a NovelLondon reading.Through Reedsy, I found the wonderful cover designer Anna Green, who had designed Murakami covers and Vintage Classics (as a Murakami fan this was beyond awesome to me). I found Nicola Lovick who provided  a structural assessment that helped me rework my novel and make it more commercial-friendly.  I found Andrew Lowe, who line-edited my novel and gave me hours and hours of invaluable advice. He started off our collaboration with the warning, â€Å"you can’t be friends with your editor†. However, since he recently attended my book launch party and is about to edit my second novel, I think we can now call it friendship.  Lastly, I found Anna Hogarty, who proofread my book.Through Reedsy, I have been able to set up my new writing business at the highest professional level, and know that I am learning from the top professionals in the world.I have made plenty of mistakes but that’s part of being an entrepreneur. It’s a part of the fun in doing something different, brave, and new - and gaining knowledge that has traditionally been kept tightly within the publishing industry has been just that. Making mistakes is  part of being an entrepreneur. It’s part of the fun in doing something new. From a two-time entrepreneur, to all the entrepreneurs of the indie publishing industry -   and especially Reedsy -   thank you!The Woman Behind the Waterfall is available on Amazon for Kindle, and in hardcover and paperback.How have your past experiences prepared you to publish a novel? Leave your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Leonora in the comments below.

A History of World in Six Glasses

How might beer have influenced the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural-based societies. Beer might have/had influenced the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural-based societies. One way beer could have done this was that after the discovery of beer, the demand for beer began to increase. With increase demand for beer, farming would increase taking away time to hunt and gather for food. With less hunting and gathering, farmers eventually settled down in small areas around the Fertile Crescent to create beer. What does the story of beer tell you about social and gender roles in ancient SW Asia and Egypt? Beer can tell us a story about the social and gender roles in ancient South West Asia and Egypt. During these times, beer was used as a way of payment. Those who were given more, worked more, or had higher positions. Sumerian temple workforces were given sila of beer a day; or two American pints. Junior officials were given two sila, higher officials and ladies of the court were given three sila, and the highest officials were given five. Woman who worked a few days at a temple were given two silas. This system meant that women were given a change for jobs, and even were sometimes given more silas than men. The social and gender roles in ancient South West Asia and Egypt are therefore seem as fair, since women were given just as much or more sila than men. How important do you think beer was in the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations? Would the earliest civilizations of SW Asia and Egypt have been as prosperous without the discovery of beer? I think beer was an important factor in the growth and diffusion of the earliest civilizations. This is because beer led to the development of an agricultural-based society. Without the discovery of beer, who knows how long it would have taken early civilizations in the Paleolithic era realized that farming would be better and faster than hunting and gathering. With increase farming for grains, leftovers grains were made into bread, or cereals, or beer. Leftovers soon became surpluses and surpluses of food led to population increase. With larger populations, villages became communities and societies were created. Earliest civilizations of South West Asia and Egypt would have been as prosperous without the discovery of beer, only their prosperity would take longer than usual. This is because, civilizations would have to wait for their main food supplies to decrease to finally figure out other ways of gaining food. But earliest civilizations would still be prosperous. Wine in Greece an d Rome (Chapters 3 and 4) What does the story of wine tell you about wine tell you about social and gender roles in the Mediterranean world? The story of wine can tell us about the social and gender roles in Mediterranean worlds. Private drinking parties known as symposiums was an all male aristocratic ritual that took place in a special mens room (man cave). Women were not allowed to sit with men in these men rooms, giving us the reader the impression that women could either not drink wine like Greek men or that gender discrimination was intact during these times. But female servers, dancers, and musicians were allowed, but why? Perhaps because men did not see female servers, dancers, and musicians as nothing but merely entertainment and slaves. Explain how the symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece (as compared to the other parts of the world). Symposia and wine-drinking related to the development of ancient Greece. One way was that symposia was a good way for men to come together and plot, drink, boast, and debate. Symposia was a way for men to get together and discuss many issues; where each and every men were equal in voice. Symposium was in theory, a forum in which the participants drank as equals from a shared crater. Wine-drinking on the other hand created the caste system for ancient Greece. Those who could afford top notch wine such as Falernian. The better wine you drank, meant the more money you made to purchase the wine, thus creating your caste in society. What effects does wine have on the development of Christianity and Islam? The banning of wine in Islamic culture would be the basic start for the banning of many other foods. The prophet Muhammads ban on alcohol is said to have started from a fight between two men who were under the influence. When Muhammad sought divine help from the one and only Allah, Allahs reply was to ban alcohol so that such a thing could not happen again. As for wine, it had a different story for the development of Christianity. Wine drinking was a tradition of Greeks and Romans. When barbarians took over Rome and Greece, wine drinking seemed to have halted. But as time went on, barbarians began to take up wine drinking again, sort of assimilating themselves into Greek culture. Barbarians soon became civilized, all thanks to the tradition of wine drinking. Spirits in the Colonial Period (Chapters 5 and 6) How did spirits advance/accelerated colonialism? When the Americas were just beginning to form, spirits accelerated their colonialism. At first, sugarcane production was introduced to the Western Indies or Caribbean Islands by Christopher Columbus. The West Indies land was not suitable to grow wine vines or grains for beer, instead Columbus introduced sugar canes to the Indies, creating a major sugar plantation in the West Indies. With the plantation growing, slaves were being imported from West Africa to help with the production of sugar. With more sugar being produced, more products could be made and thus more exports to England, Spain, France, and Germany. Having a staple crop, successful exports, sprits helped colonized anywhere it touched. In the 18th century, how did spirits change the balance of power amongst the western European nations? When rum was first discovered, Americas learned that to produce rum was cheaper than relying on European exports for Brady. Rum was discovered by using left over sugar production. Everyone could afford rum, from the slaves to the rich. With rum now being established as Americans favorite drink, European exports for Brandy began to decline. New England merchants began to import raw molasses rather than rum and do the distilling themselves. In 1733, a new law known as the Molasses Act was passed in London, prohibiting the amount of imported molasses into North America to sixpence a gallon. But Americans did not obey the law and smuggled molasses instead of buying them from Britain. England began to create more laws to limit the amount of molasses brought, but Americans would not listen and thus finally giving Americas the idea of their freedom. How did spirits help in the building and shaping of early America? During their fight for freedom, Americans began to turn their backs on rum and began to drink whiskey, since it was cheaper to make and easy to produce. Rum played a crucial part of the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the North American colonies that once dominated the Atlantic economy. Whiskey though on the other hand helped shaped America through disagreements and fights. Whiskey was an unpretentious drink associated with independence and self-sufficiency. Coffee in the Age of Reason (Chapters 7 and 8) Why did coffee become known to Europeans as the antithesis of alcohol? And how will this change the intellectual development of Europe? Coffee was known to Europeans as the antithesis of alcohol because instead of getting drunk and losing self control, coffee was known to keep on minds open and create new rationalism. This changed the intellectual developement of Europe because scholars, doctors, lawyers, and teachers drank coffee instead of wine. Instead of getting drunk in the daytime or nighttime, people would be up drinking coffee and beginning their day with an open mind instead of a closed mind. Was coffee the first true global beverage? Why or why not? Coffee was truly the first global beverage. Beginning in the Arab world, coffee was originated in the Arabia. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. How (and why) did coffee play a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and French Revolution? During the period in which coffee became popular, coffee played a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and French Revolution. Coffee was a popular drink which forced coffee houses to spring out of the ground. Coffee houses were like taverns back them. Anyone was allowed inside a coffeehouse, as long as they could afford a cup. Inside coffee houses, meetings would take place for practically anything. Government officials had no say nor clue in what was said inside coffee houses, plans would be plotted, schemes would be set, and eventually wars would break out. Along those meetings inside coffee houses, coffee was the drink of scholars, doctors, lawyers, and solicitations. Enlightenment ideas sprang out because of these people. People would talk about a change in the system while sipping on a cup of coffee. Or talk about their recent discoveries. Coffee was the drink of the wise. Tea and the British Empire (Chapters 9 and 10) Why was tea important to Chinas economy, and how did it affect Chinas relationships with other countries? Tea would not become a domestic drink in society until the 1st century BC and cultivation for mass quantities didn’t occur until the 4th century. During this period, known as the Tang Dynasty, China found itself the wealthiest and most populated nation in the world, in part due to their openness to outside influence. It was also during this time that tea found itself as the drink of choice by the nation. Explain the relationship between tea and the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the British Empire. The industrial revolution used raw materials and manufactured them into a final product. The manufactured product secured more money in the world market than the raw materials, and thus led to more money for the British Empire. The ability to manufacture these goods gave the empire the control to manage the supply and demand of the good and set the price in the world market far above the cost of the raw materials and labor included in its making. Compare and contrast how the British trade in tea affect America and India. In the United States, the British trade helped create the Industrial Revolution. Textile manufacturing soon came into place. Workers were replaced with machinery that could do a job of ten men in less time. Having workers and machines together under one roof meant that the whole process could be closely supervised. But the tea trade soon took its toll, with new laws coming into place in the United States, many citizens were unhappy. The Boston Tea Party of 1773, serves as a protest to the overpriced tea. Soon enough, the British tea trade would led to the United States breaking away from their motherland. The East India Companys fortunes revived in 1784, when the duty on tea imports to Britain were slashed, which lowered the price of legal tea. In India, the search for the most suitable part of India to grow tea began. Since the new India tea industry would require a lot of manpower, this provided plenty of jobs for Indian workers. Tea cultivation also promised to be hugely profitable. In comparison, both America and India profited from the British tea trade. But unlike India, America was taxed and thus leading to riots and outbreaks over tea. In the end, America was able to break away from their motherland and buy their tea for a reasonable price. As for India, profits were made that benefited the country. Coco-Cola and the Rise of America (Chapters 11 and 12) How does the story of Coca-Cola relate to the rise of capitalism and entrepreneurship in the 19th and early 20th century? How does the story show a larger global economic shift? The story of Coca-Cola relates to the rise of capitalism and entrepreneurship. Capitalism is when an economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Entrepreneurship or an entrepreneur is someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it. In 1886 pharmacist John Stith Pemberton sold about nine Coca-Colas a day. During the 1870s, Pemberton was declared bankrupt and was fired twice which destroyed his stocks. Finally, in 1884, Pemberton started using a new ingredient: coca. After Pembertons death, Asa Candler took over the company. Candler was opposed to the idea of selling coca-cola in a bottle, but in July 1899 granted two businessmen, Benjamin Thomas and Joseph Whitehead the right to bottle and sell coca-cola, resulting to the famous drink that we all love/or hate today. During the Great Depression, the Cold War, and WWI and WWII, rather than shrink at the challenge, Coca-Cola took full advantage of the challenging times it found itself in, gaining a global phenomenon. Soon enough, the United States was producing and shipping coca-cola all over the world to soldiers, to different countries. How did Coca-Cola become the worlds most recognized product? The first marketing efforts in Coca-Cola history were executed through coupons promoting free samples of the beverage. Considered an innovative tactic back in 1887, couponing was followed by newspaper advertising and the distribution of promotional items bearing the Coca-Cola script to participating pharmacies. As the country mobilized into World War Two, Robert Woodruff, president of the Coca-cola company, issued an order that every man in uniform gers a bottle of Coca-Cola for five cents, whereever he ism and whatever it costs the company. (Page251) But shipping bottles of Coca-cola halfway around the world to every whereever troops were stationwas was very inefficient, thus special fountains and bottling plants were placed whereever possible. Soon enough, where ever the troops went, a Coca-Cola bottling plant was created. How does Coca-Cola affect peoples views of the United States? Is the spread of Coca-Cola an example of Americanization around the world? In some parts of the world, Coca-Cola was welcomed, but in other parts of the world drinking Coca-Cola was considered a sin. In Germany and Japan, people stated that Coca-Cola was an example of everything that was wrong with the United States. But even enemies of the United States, such as the Sovient Union, still wanted Coca-Colas to drink. Coca-Cola affect the views of people in good and bad ways. The Tibet Muslims, in protest against Coca-Cola, poured gallons of Coca-Cola on the streets. I believe that the spread of Coca-Cola is an example of Americanization around the world. Coca-Cola bottling plants brought in new machinery into differnt countries, showing these countries new technology. All around the world, Coca-Cola is served with any side dish. Wherever you go, whatever lanuage you speak, if you ask for a Coca-Cola anyone will know what you are talking about. EpilogueBack to the Source Do you agree of disagree with Standages argument in the epilogue? Will water be the most influential beverage in shaping the global situation of the next 100+ years? Why or why not? I agree with Standages arugument that water will be the most influential beverage in shaping the world. This is because, back then water was contaminated and no one knew how to fix that problem. Now though, water is a basic nessesity in everyones diet. Without water, many people are becoming dehydrated and dying of thrist. Water wont make you fat, has no calories, and is safe to drink. Without water, no livestock can be grown and land cannot be cultivated. Theres no food without water. With no livestock, we have no food, and with no food, we cant eat and will eventually die. Water will continue to influence and shape the world within the next 100 or so years.

Russia and China Economic Transitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Russia and China Economic Transitions - Essay Example The government also makes all the decisions about the use of income and how it will be distributed in the economy. In planned economy, the production, distribution and, most importantly, the pricing and investment decisions are made arbitrarily by the government. It usually employs a fixed price system and a monopoly market structure because all the major economic players are owned and controlled by the government. The proponents of this economic model argue that the government is better placed to know, and hence take care of the particular needs of its people. The free economy occupies the other end of the spectrum; the direct opposite of the planned or controlled economy. Here the economy is based on the division of labor. The prices of goods and services are set by the interaction of the market forces of demand and supply. The intersection of the demand and supply curves provides the optimum price and quantity. The proponents of this model argue that it gives the consumers the lib erty to choose what they want provided and in what quantity. The competitiveness of the market also ensures that the firms in the industry benefit by making reasonable profits that can be sustained by the market. The Mixed economy market is a blend of the planned and the free liberalized economies. It allows the prices to be set by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply but the government reserves the right to control some economic sectors that are too crucial for the country’s development. These sectors include the transport, energy and the health care sectors among others.

Urban Sprawl Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Urban Sprawl Analysis - Research Paper Example Suburbanization is defined as â€Å"a process involving the systematic growth of fringe areas at a pace more rapid than that of core cities, as a lifestyle involving a daily commute to jobs in the center†. Suburban life is characterized by the icon of the ‘soccer mom,’ whose life is spent in her minivan as she shuttles her child to and from activities, while they await the arrival of the suburban dad, whose commute to work takes him away from the center of family life. When you understand our history, the attraction to the suburbs is clear. We’ve long been driven to own and improve upon land. Cronon writes of the colonists’ argument for taking land from the Native Americans: â€Å"their supposed failure to ‘improve’ that land was a token not of their chosen way of life, but of their laziness† (55). We’re infused with the notion that land is not precious unless someone owns and builds something on it. Beyond that, we have begun to associate owning single-family residences in the suburbs with moral superiority. In Russell Conwell’s popular lecture, â€Å"Acres of Diamonds,† he asserts: â€Å"drive me out into the suburbs of Philadelphia, and introduce me to the people who own their own homes around this great city†¦and I will introduce you to the very best people in character as well as enterprise in this city†¦ A man is not really a true man until he owns his own home† ... We worship the new, the exclusive, and the private. Our sprawl entails new buildings where people flee to avoid looking at the old buildings they abandoned. The cost of such configuration, however, is quite high. It costs not only in dollars and cents, but resources, and socio-culturally as well. Sprawl is costly in terms of dollars and cents. Burchell points out that there is a budget â€Å"deficit projected under the sprawl growth scenario† (80). Local governments begin to strain under the burden of maintaining existing structures while providing new roads and services to new buildings. Suburban sprawl is extremely costly in terms of our natural resources. â€Å"In the decade between 1982 and 1992, over 13 million acres in the 48 contiguous states of the United States and Hawaii changed from forests, fields, and rangeland to urban use† (qtd. in Pendall 555). There is a finite amount of resources and sprawl does not make efficient use of them. Hayden elaborates on spra wl as â€Å"careless new use of land and other resources as well as abandonment of older built areas† (7). Something sprawl takes from the individual is the sense of community. â€Å"A cost of development that is truly impossible to measure is how much a neighborhood, town, or city contributes to or denies people a sense of place and community† (Burchell 110). Suburban sprawl creates homogenous spaces that lack character or uniqueness. People come and go in their cars and neighborly bonds are often simply not formed. Part of the reason is that suburban spaces are built around automobiles. Hayden refers to the tract-housing, common to suburban developments, as â€Å"automobile-oriented buildings† (8). Rather than being able to